Business Process Outsourcing Is A New Management Strategy

Business process outsourcing is a new management strategy, which encompasses transfers of an organisation’s internal functions to a third party. In essence, it encompasses entrusting and ensuring a third party with company functions. The third party executes the function and meets the expectations of the company (Kozweska 2004). Company objectives primarily dictate the above expectations. A company transfers business tasks and processes to an external provider, a specialist in a particular field, to enhance its profitability and hence return of investment to its shareholders. Business process outsourcing also provides a basis for establishment long-term, mutually beneficial relationship between the company and the outsourced provider.†¦show more content†¦The company has outsourced its Information Technology (IT) functions to an Indian IT company, Indo-System Solutions (ISS). Initially, Globshop’s senior management was skeptical about transferring the above fu nction to the IT services provider. However, over time, they came to realize benefits accrued from outsourcing. However, there are still risks associated with the above management strategy. Globshop’s senior management requires an in-depth analysis of the above strategy, which defines the company’s future relationship with ISS. Growth of Offshore Outsourcing Several factors have fuelled the unprecedented growth in business process outsourcing. One such factor is the technological revolution. Technological revolution especially in the information technology sector has seen the introduction of fast and reliable communication channels. Such channels include high-speed internet, which ensures that individuals from different countries can communicate in real time (Duening Click 2005). This facilitates a multi-location execution of tasks where employees in different locations communicate using tools such as video conferencing. This has increased contact between companies and their outsourced services providers. As such, efficient communication between companies ensures smooth and timely execution of tasks and functions. This translates into an overall efficiency at the company. Another factor is the emergence of newly developed economies including

An Argument Against Abortion Essay - 1042 Words

Abortion in America is a controversial issue in which both sides have valid arguments at face value. The pro-choice side has many arguments to support it belief in keeping abortion legal. Many of these are faulty, and argue points irrelevant to the issue as I will attempt to illustrate, thereby eliminating the main pro-choice arguments. The pro-life position has somewhat different ideas. The most popular of these is: The unborn entity is fully human from the moment of conception. Abortion results in the intentional death of the unborn entity. Therefore, abortion can be defined the intentional killing of a human being. This killing is in most cases unjustified, since the unborn human being has a†¦show more content†¦The reason this argument doesnt work is because it is begging the question. In fact, this lie hides behind a good percentage of the popular arguments for the pro-choice position. One begs the question when one assumes what one is trying to prove is correct. The question-begging of the coat-hanger argument is very obvious: but only by assuming that the unborn are not fully human does the argument work. If the unborn are not fully human, then the pro-choicer has a legitimate concern, just as one would have in overturning a law forbidding appendicitis operations if countless people were needlessly dying of both appendicitis and illegal operations. But if the unborn are fully human, this pro-choice argument is the same as saying that because people die or are harmed while killing other people, the state should make it safe for them to do so. Even some pro-choicers, who argue for their position in other ways, admit that the coat hanger/back-alley argument is crap. Although statistics cant establish a particular moral position, there has been arguments over both the actual number of illegal abortions and the number of women who died as a result of them before legalization. Prior to Roe vs Wade, pro-choicers used saying that nearly a million women every year obtained illegal abortions performedShow MoreRelatedArguments For And Against Abortion1590 Words   |  7 PagesArguments for and Against Abortion The battle over whether to legalize or ban abortion in the United States has greatly increased in recent years; the moral, ethical and legal had been a continuous fight in our society. The abortion issue is also the most passionate and debatable in the United States to whether allow one to have free will over their body or have the government make that decision. Furthermore, it is one of the leading debates in political races. In this society everyone has aRead MoreAbortion Argument Against Abortion749 Words   |  3 PagesDoes a women’s right to choose to have an abortion outweigh a baby’s right to be born? The controversy at hand is whether the rights of a women outweigh the rights of a baby, and whether a mother should be given the rights to pursue a procedure like an abortion. To clarify an abortion is a medical procedure that ends a pregnancy in which a doctor uses a vacuum and suction to suck out a fetus from the uterus. The issue is whether the fetus who has th e potential to be a rational, productive human beingRead MoreArguments Against Abortion Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesThe debate on whether abortion should be legal, or illegal has become a controversial topic that has divided the nation into two. The group of people who don’t see anything wrong with the issue refer to their group as pro-choice supporters. Their main belief about abortion is that because a woman’s body belongs to herself it should be up to her on whether she wants to keep a baby or not. Those who are against abortion and feel it should be illegal think of themselves as pro-life supporters. TheyRead MoreBiblical Argument Against Abortions1513 Words   |  7 PagesEthics February 2, 2013 Rational Argument Against Abortions Biblical Argument Against Abortions In this paper, I will discuss arguments against abortions. The first sets of arguments I will discuss are biblical arguments. That being said, I must begin by acknowledging that the Bible doesn’t say anything about abortion directly. Abortion was so unthinkable to an Israelite woman that there was no need to even mention it in the criminal code. Why was abortion an unthinkable act? First, childrenRead MoreArgument Against Abortion On Demand934 Words   |  4 PagesIn this essay I shall argue against abortion on demand. By abortion on demand I mean the taking of life, of the fetal life, and how a woman could enter her doctor s office or local women s health clinic and ask, or â€Å"demand†, to have an abortion, she would then be able to get the next available appointment to do just that. There are several different reasons why one may be pro-life. A few arguments against abortion may include how abortion should not be used as another form of contraception, andRead More An Argument Against Abortion Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesAn Argument Against Abortion Abortion is a serious topic that people have been debating about for years. Everywhere you turn the topic of abortion presents itself, on TV, in the newspapers, in books and magazines. It already has, and will continue to cause, controversy for years to come. As long as abortion remains legal, pro-life advocates will continue to protest what they believe to be these horrible acts of murder. Dating all the way back to the 1800’s, abortions have been taking place allRead MoreEssay Arguments for and Against Abortion2034 Words   |  9 PagesArguments for and Against Abortion An abortion is also known as a termination, meaning to terminate, to stop. An abortion is when you stop a pregnancy, by removing the foetus from the womb. Many people frown upon abortions, as they see them as the killing of a life. Other people believe that it is a ‘potential’ life, and that a foetus is not considered to be a child. Some people feel that in a situation where the prospective parents are told their unbornRead More An Argument Against Abortion Essay493 Words   |  2 Pages ABORTION nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I am against abortion for a couple of reasons. I believe adopting instead of aborting is a better decision. Abortion is murder. Condoms are available and inexpensive. There are also other forms of birth control. Some people say it’s their choice so I think people should choose wisely, by not killing a baby. There are also many programs in the U.S. that will aid people financially, for people who claim to be financially unfit to raise a child. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;IRead MorePro Choice Arguments Against Abortion2264 Words   |  10 PagesIn cases of abortion, though, where a potential life is considered â€Å"bad†, is it justified to remove it? Life is viewed as the highest intrinsic good, thus any act of deliberately taking it away becomes a serious moral issue. Pro-life arguments, or arguments opposing abortion, claim that each human has a right to life, a person is a human at the moment of conception, and each human possesses the obligation to protect human lives. Pro-choice arguments, or arguments supporting abortion, argue that aRead MoreMy Second Argument Against Abortion2246 Words   |  9 PagesMy second argument against abortion is due to the physical health issues having an abortion can cause for women. There are minor complications such as: minor infections, bleeding, fevers, abdominal pain, gastro disturbances, and vomiting that can occur as a result of having an abortion. Approximately 10% of wome n undergoing induced abortion suffer from immediate complications, of which one-fifth (2%) were considered major. Major complications that occur include: major infections, excessive bleeding

Looking for Alibrandi Essay Free Essays

A good book leaves us thinking with things to say, and Looking for Libidinal Is a good example of one of those books. It captures the exact thoughts of a seventeen year old girl, stressed out from her upcoming HAS exams as well as the problems going on In her social life. Melinda Merchant engages us In the themes of multiculturalism, love, rites of passage and coping with death and encrypts these themes beautifully and expresses them with emotion and thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the biggest themes of Looking for Libidinal is multiculturalism, as Josses trudges to find her personal and cultural identity. At the beginning of the book Josses resents having an Italian background, because at school there is the difficulty and prejudice of being a second generation Australian with an Italian background. She experiences a feeling of being different, as the majority of the students have Anglo- Saxon backgrounds, and have not learned to accept anyone other than â€Å"their kind†. The students tease and make racist comments at her, calling her a ‘new Australian’, but Josses Is strong and fights back, but consequently this gets her Into a lot of trouble with the teachers. Although the students at her school are not the only ones, as there are other people who have preconceived ideas about the ‘ethnics’, such as Jacob. It begins as Jacob talks about ‘going out with the ethnic girl’ and as their argument continues, he goes to say you people should go back to your own country if you’re so confused’. At home as well, there is gossip from the Italian society about Josses not being good enough, and her grandmother always telling her that it kills her inside when Josses fights about having her own rights as well, and that the rules and restrictions are stifling to her. Also, the rituals within the family, such as Tomato Day, is resented by Josses at first, but as she mature she begins to see that it is not taking up her free time, but Its an opportunity for her family to share and tell their stories. Eventually, Josses comes to realize that, even though not everyone In Australia will ever understand a multicultural society, she knows what her place Is and that It matters. â€Å"If someone comes up to me and asks me what nationality I am, I’ll look at them and say that I’m Australian with Italian blood rapidly flowing through my veins. I’ll say that with pride, because it’s pride that I feel. † Love is a major theme that is related to Looking for Libidinal, because it is in this year of Joke’s life that she falls in love with Jacob Cote. This decision held an important meaning because this is what made Josses decide between whether she wanted to have an important status and to be considered in the wealthy class, or as Josses describes the beautiful people’ (John Barton), or whether she wanted to be seen as the girl who would live her life in the middle-class, Just being normal. Because If she was to choose a relationship with John Barton, this would’ve left her with a better Image to be accepted for her dream Job as a barrister. Even so, Josses continued to date Jacob, and throughout the book, her feeling continuously become stronger for and Jacob isn’t; repeatedly he begins to show strong emotions for his love for her, but Josses feels he is pushing he too hard. In the end, it is the occasion that Josses stands up for herself that they break off the relationship. It breaks her heart, but this teaches Josses to be strong and to stand for herself, and that the future is not going to always be how she wants it to turn out. But that isn’t the only relation of love portrayed through the book – despite their disagreements and argues, Josses, Christina ND Katie all love each other. Even thought they shout and, at times, swear at each other, beneath it all they all hold a very close family relationship and know that they are a family. At the beginning of the book, Josses resents her grandmother and hates going to her place every afternoon. She argues with her and compels against her with every chance that she gets. Her grandmother, Katie, continues to tell Josses that she and Christina are not good enough and that everything they do breaks her heart. But as the story follows, Josses tries hard to listen, and begins to understand her grandmother. She listens to the stories she tells about her young life in Australia, and as time passes Josses finds out about things that not only change her life, but her relationship with her grandmother as well. The bond grows stronger and by the end of the book, Josses cherishes the relationships she holds with her mother and grandmother, and reflects back to how she once was, but knows now that what she holds with her family is one of the most treasured things in in her life. In looking for Libidinal, rites of passage is a key theme because of how Josses transitions from her immature self into a mature and more open-minded woman. At he beginning of the book, Josephine is determined to not abide by the rules, yet as she places in more thought and begins to understand more, she realizes that she has only been questioning and opposing school, religion and family, but not thinking about her friend’s ideas and moral values. When it came to her friends, she never really gave thought to what she was doing, and this allowed her to be influenced greatly, never standing up for what she thought was right. Once Josephine realized this, she began to have think for herself and started making her own decisions. This is what allowed Josses to stand up to Jacob about having sex with her. By the end of the novel, Josses has realized that there is more to being Just a rebel, as being a reasonable and stable person is not about going against someone rules, but it is about knowing one’s self and being able to set your own boundaries. It is this that enables her to accept that a part of life is to know and go along with another’s wish, as long as the balance between conforming and independence is maintained. Death and grieving is another significant issue in Looking for Libidinal. Josses says that she would die if her mother dies, but Jacob, whose mother had died several years earlier, says you don’t die. He talks about feeling angry and hurt, but then tells Josses that one day you find yourself remembering something and laughing instead of crying. To Josses, Jacobs description had been so honest and real, and it was then that she realized she had no experience of the death of someone close to her. At the end of the novel, when John Barton commits suicide, Josses is at first in disbelief and hysteria, and then is angry and says she hates John for his weakness. She cries and to accept that he is gone. Josses had reacted to John’s death in a predictable way; owing through the emotions of anger, hate, pain, guilt, remembering and eventually acceptance, because to her, whatever had happened had already happened, and she had to move on. In Looking for Libidinal, there are two important comments about suicide. The first was when Joke’s father said: â€Å"Living is the challenge, Josses. Not dying. Dying is so easy. Sometimes it only takes ten seconds to die. But living? That can take you eighty years and you do something in that time, whether its giving birth to a baby or being a housewife or a barrister or a soldier. To throw that away at such a young age, to have no hope, that is the biggest tragedy. And the other was by Ivy: â€Å"It wasn’t our fault Josses. Not yours or mine. It was always John. But I feel like crying because people will always remember the way he died not the way he lived. † It was because of John’s death that Josephine realized that each person has to make their own decisions about living or dying, and that feeling responsible for the lives of other people is only natural, but impossible in the end. In conclusion, Looking for Libidinal was indeed a book that left us with things to say. The way Merchant conveyed the difficulty of the living standard [for legitimates] only 20 years ago have completely opened our minds and touched our hearts. She has left us to think of how different our Australian society is now, and how multiculturalism might be one of our strongest point to become one united country, and how we have completely accepted that. Not only that, but to describe to us that we must become independent and to stop being conformed to what we want to do, and to think of others but setting our own limits at the same time, to describe this all in one book, I believe that this definitely has to be a book that has influenced us greatly and left us with thoughts in our minds. How to cite Looking for Alibrandi Essay, Papers

Communications Making Friends free essay sample

Abstract: In this paper, I will be covering the main points of the book titled, â€Å"Making Friends, and Making them Count,† by Em Griffin. I try to thoroughly explain the advice, pointers, and tips that Griffin gives us to guide us to better relationship formation and communication. My opinions of his book will also be present in this paper, as well as a synopsis of the outline and character of the book. A Synopsis: I found Em Griffin’s book quite fun to read. His comical stories and analogies were really helpful and I was able to understand the concept of communication more thoroughly after reading this book. He explained communication and friendship very well in his book, but also included a little bit of a Christian standpoint. Something I loved about this book were the comics and drawings that were present every couple pages or so. They really keep you entertained and on track with your reading, and a lot of them are really hilarious! In the last eight weeks, we have learned that interpersonal communication is a process. Griffin begins his book with this and tries to use different sports and games to show what communication IS and what it is NOT. Bowling was the first sport used, but explained that bowling is a one man operation. Ping-pong, another analogy used, showed that communication between two people can go back and forth. Sometimes it’s a hit or miss situation, but that is okay! You can start all over again and keep going. A third sport used as a comparison to communication, was charades. Charades is a guessing game, and when we communicate with our friends, we don’t want to have to guess. If so, we are left to guess at snippets of images, words, phrases, and expressions. Again, communication is a process. Processes usually take several steps. In Griffin’s book, he explains â€Å"ten steps† or, the â€Å"rules of interpersonal communication. These steps/rules are: 1. Interpersonal communication is a process. 2. Interpersonal communication starts with self. 3. The chances for effective communication increase as people become aware of their motives for getting together. 4. People communicate to reduce uncertainty. 5. Words do not mean thing- people mean things. 6. You cannot not communicate. 7. Without identification there is no communication. 8. To reveal oneself opening and honestly takes the rawest kind of courage. 9. Communication is irreversible and unrepeatable. 10. Communication = content + relationship. Griffin takes these steps and divides them into each chapter so that he may go over them more carefully. The first chapter introduces the analogies we previously went over, and then introduces these steps. Griffin built his book around three individual parts, â€Å"Understanding me,† â€Å"Understanding thee,† and â€Å"Understanding we. † Griffin states that he did this so he can build a â€Å"one on one† relationship with us, the readers. To be able to communicate with others, you must have a proper self-image. Griffin asks you to take a look at your self-concept in chapter two. He asks you to do an activity called, â€Å"Who am I? † In this activity, you will number the page 1-15 and complete this sentence 15 times, â€Å"I am†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This should help you figure out who you are, or give you a sense of identity. In Griffin’s book, identity is â€Å"the mind’s-eye picture we have of ourselves† (Griffin, PP31, 1987). Doing that activity may help you feel more positive about your identity versus negative. â€Å"Our self-concept is made up of our identity – the picture we have of ourselves, plus our self-esteem – how we feel about the images in that picture† (Griffin, PP40, 1987). He explains that identity is not carved in stone, and your identity is likely to change several times in your life. Griffin shares that if you are feeling down and your self-worth is not up to par, you need to do something about it! Toss yourself into a meaningful cause, surround yourself with people who make you feel good, and even seek professional counseling. Also, try not to take yourself too seriously! Maybe change the way you look, practice assertiveness, and most important, know thyself! In chapter three, Griffin explains that as people, we need to be motivated. We have the need for achievement, affiliation, and for power. Griffin says that motivation gives a person power. Now, he firmly stresses that â€Å"power† is not a dirty word. God gave us the desire to want to be powerful. His quote, â€Å"The best pastors often have a high need for power,† says it all! Chapter four is about perception, which is not just observing other people. It is drawing inferences, making judgments, and making conclusions, too. He explains through personal experience and expertise how we perceive others, and offers us a perceptual guide called the â€Å"Kluckholn’s table of values. In the table of values, it shows different values that are held by different cultures. There are three positions in five areas: View of human nature, relationship of man to God/nature, sense of time, type of activity, and structure of social relationships. There are so many differences between cultures, and this table is a great reference when communicating and p erceiving the values of others. Jumping ahead to chapter six, Griffin writes about the topic of how â€Å"we cannot not communicate. † Even when we are not verbally communicating, speaking for example, we are communicating in other ways. Body language, facial displays, eye behavior, appearance, use of space, touch, voice, and smell are all ways that we communicate with people without talking. It is very easy to tell how a person is feeling just by looking at their facial display. You can easily see if a person is happy, sad, shocked, surprised, or disgusted. Why do people like each other? Griffin explains this in the next chapter. People look at situations such as, â€Å"am I going to click with this person? † They also look at the personality and response of the other person. Other questions that one might ask when looking to start a relationship with another person are: â€Å"Is there a physical attraction? † â€Å"Is the person competent? † and â€Å"What similarities do we have? † In our friendships, being open and honest is best. Griffin shares some deep personal thoughts about his life and how he realized that friends are really just family members. Trust is also extremely important in relationships. â€Å"Trust is a general expectation that the promises of other individuals with regard to the future can be relied on† (Griffin, PP 170, 1987). Griffin also states that if we trust others, they will be trustworthy, but if you doubt people your doubts will probably be true. Creating an intimate relationship takes time. Intimacy in a relationship is not instant. Griffin shares with us ten stages of intimacy. These steps are the life cycle of an intimate relationship. The first five stages are of heightened involvement. They are: 1. Initiating 2. Experimenting 3. Intensifying 4. Integrating 5. Bonding The last five are waypoints towards disengagement. Those steps are: 6. Differentiating 7. Circumscribing 8. Stagnating 9. Avoiding 10. Terminating Most relationships never get past the experimenting level, so phases 3 to 7 don’t apply. The acquaintance goes from initiating to experimenting and then directly to stagnating, avoiding and terminating† (Griffin, PP183, 1987). In chapter nine, Griffin discusses accountability and forgiveness. To make sure that you are appropriately intervening in something, you should follo w some guidelines. You should win the right to be heard, contract for negative feedback, prevent gross evil, confront in private, and ask, don’t announce. â€Å"Accountability and forgiveness go hand in hand† (Griffin, PP 193, 1987). He uses the testimony of a friend to say that if you do not forgive others, you will poison your life. It really is better to just forgive and forget. I have highlighted many of the main topics and topics that stood out to me the most from this book. After reading â€Å"Making Friends, and Making them Count,† I have learned that there is much more involved in a friendship than just knowing someone pretty well. Griffin did a wonderful job at discussing the ways that communication is present and important in relationships. Critical Analysis: Although the book had a lot of information, it has me begging for a little more. Overall, I think that Em Griffin did a great job at guiding the readers towards better relationship formation and communication. His colorful, and sometimes funny, use of analogies and illustrations were so helpful and make it very easy to understand everything. You can read the book and agree or disagree with what he is saying very easily because he uses everyday examples and personal stories. One thing that I must say about the book is that there was not much said about maintaining friendships, what it takes to have a friendship, etc. I feel like the whole book is only about the communication aspect of a friendship. I do understand that this is a communications class, but the title of the book is a little misleading. I thought there would be more information about making friends and creating lasting relationships. I do not believe that Griffin ever mentioned the true meaning of a friendship. He said that his friends were like family, but that is his personal opinion after he told a story about his self, so friends may not be like family to all people. Although the book will be helpful to many, and maybe even me, I think that it had too many lists and rules for things. It sounded a little like this at times: â€Å"Do this, and do this, but make sure you don’t do that! † I think that it is better for people to learn on their own how to communicate and make friends. It is part of life! His ideas and tips sound like good ideas and I am sure that they would work great for everyone who reads his book. I personally think that no one really needs a book, or tips to start a conversation with someone. I have never had a hard time making friends, so I am only saying this from my own standpoint. To make friends, it just takes time, patience, trust, honesty, and a little common sense. Faith helps too! Griffin did supply his readers with some great information. I think the information about perceiving people was important. His personal story traveling to the Philippine Islands really helped me to understand the concept. I think without his personal stories on some subjects, I might have been lost, especially when looking at the Kluckholn table of values (which I found very interesting as well). One thing that I did not know about were the different stages of a relationship. I did not even know there were â€Å"stages† at all. I just thought you knew someone, or you didn’t. Of course I thought there were types of friends, such as acquaintances, new friends, and best friends, but I had never thought about stages within a friendship. After seeing the chart, I can think of past and present relationships and see where we are on that chart. The different stages make perfect sense. I think that the first three chapters of the book are the most important. I think my most favorite section of the book was on motivation. I agree with Griffin on the topic of motivation very much. You need motivation, everyone does. A person craves love, achievement, and power, but to get to those things, we need to e motivated. I’d like to add to that, that our friends are great motivational tools. Whenever I need to reach a goal and need some motivation to reach it, I turn to my friends. They motivate me and pump me up so that I can reach those goals. It’s a perk of friendship! I wish some information like that was in the book. To conclude my thoughts, I think that Em Griffin’s book was pretty good overall. He had some great tips and I can see how the book would be helpful to someone who needs help in making friends and learning how to communicate with them. It is probably not a book I would personally chose to read on my own, but I think it was a great read! Prospectus for Growth: Like I said in my analysis, I don’t feel like I need a book to tell me how to communicate with others. I feel like I have been doing a very good job meeting, creating, and keeping friends. I think that may have to do with the fact that my husband is in the military and I have to meet new friends all the time (although, now I have friends all over the country, and they are absolutely amazing)! I do think that the book had some great points, though, one being about self-worth and identity. It is hard sometimes keeping up with all of the lifestyle changes in life, so that part of the book gave me some relief. Identity is not written in stone! Another thing that I want to pay more attention to in my life is the identity of others. I want to get to know the identity of people I see all the time. For example, the ladies at the post office, the grocers at the grocery store I go to all the time, and the mailman. Not only will building a relationship with these people be simple and easy, it will be pleasurable! One more thing I can implement in my life is to realize when other people are communicating with me in non-verbal ways. I sometimes do not pay attention to the non-verbal communication. It is mostly because I am just a fast paced person. I need to learn to slow down and interpret non-verbal communication. I might be missing a lot! This book did help me to learn how to read and understand facial expressions more accurately, and it also described all of the other non-verbal way to communicate more thoroughly. REFERENCE PAGE Griffin, E. (1987). Making friends making them count. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press.

The application of systems theory Essay Example

The application of systems theory Essay The Application Of Systems Theory To a Case Study Introduction The undermentioned instance survey will detail an intercession with a 32-year old service user who was referred with a scope of showing issues and demands. It was evident that a complex array of household, societal and bureau webs existed, bespeaking that the focal point of any intercession would ask the addressing of these assorted constituents and their function in the service user’s operation. It was decided that using systems theory would be the most efficacious attack in pull offing the service user’s demands. We will write a custom essay sample on The application of systems theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The application of systems theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The application of systems theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer General systems theory was foremost proposed by von Bertalanffy ( 1968 ) as a cosmopolitan theory of the administration of parts into wholes. A system was defined as â€Å"a composite of interacting elements† . Although this paradigm was ab initio applied to the physical universe ( mathematics, biochemistry, etc ) , it was adopted by the curative community in order to explicate an apprehension of systems consisting persons and administrations. Some of the thoughts and constructs systems theory has brought to the field include: Families and other societal groups are systems holding belongingss which are more than the amount of the belongingss of their parts. Every system has a boundary, the belongingss of which are of import in understanding how the system works. Changes within systems can happen, or be stimulated, in assorted ways. Communication and feedback mechanisms between the parts of a system are of import in the operation of the system. Events such as the behavior of persons in a household are better understood as illustrations of round causality, instead than as being based on additive causality. Systems are made up of subsystems ( e.g. parental, matrimonial, siblings ) which are themselves parts of larger suprasystems ( e.g. extended household, the vicinity, infirmary ) . ( Beckett, 1973 ) . The service user was a 32-year old male of Afro-Caribbean beginnings, with a diagnosing of schizoaffective upset dating back to his early teens. He had been shacking in a semi-secure forensic unit for more than two old ages and was detained under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act. In footings of household history, he had been conceived through colza and fostered by distant relations in Trinidad. Upon the decease of his Foster female parent, his natural female parent arranged for him to go forth Trinidad and enter the UK. Shortly after this, he became involved with the mental wellness system and the condemnable justness system. Subsequently, his female parent had refused all contact with him and would non prosecute with any of his attention. The exclusive household contact had been his maternal grandma. A genogram is a utile adjunct within appraisal and intervention when using systems theory ( e.g. Guerin and Pendagast, 1976 ) , in that it gives a concise in writing sum-up of the composing of the systems environing an person. A genogram picturing DE’s peculiar systems was prepared and is illustrated in Figure 1. Within the genogram, DE’s familial relationships are illustrated, demoing the bing subsystem with his maternal grandma. Other subsystems include, DE’s relationships with the condemnable justness system, mental wellness services and with myself, his societal worker. With respect to utilizing systems theory in my appraisal and intercession of DE, this would embrace developing a hypothesis refering the nature of the relationships DE has with facets of his system and how this impacts upon his operation. In add-on, round inquiring would be employed to prove this hypothesis and promote alteration ( e.g. Selvini Palazzoli, Cechin, Prata and Boscolo, 1980a ) . Each of DE’s showing demands will be explored within the context of his wider system and the methodological analysis built-in to systems theory employed in my intercession. Figure 1: A genogram of DE’s instance. The Referral DE was a statutory referral which was accompanied by a challenge from his legal representatives to the local authorization, claiming that they had failed in their responsibilities towards DE as he was medically fit for discharge and did non necessitate to be detained under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act. Although discharge from Section 3 was agreed, no programs were presented to the mental wellness court by the local authorization sing the agreement of appropriate adjustment. From the position of the societal worker, programs were hence required to implement Section 117 and organize appropriate after attention and adjustment. In order to make this, it was necessary to place DE’s wants and penchants every bit far as possible, in add-on to pull offing any hazard perceived by the multidisciplinary squad and the mental wellness court. A transportation CPA to the community squad was organised in order to keep DE in the community and ease his recovery. Adhering to the impression of â€Å"goodness of fit† , built-in to systems theory ( Payne, 2002 ) , that is heightening the lucifer between the person and their environment, ways of developing, keeping or beef uping supportive intercessions and cut downing, disputing or replacing nerve-racking systems were explored. Appraisal An appraisal of DE’s showing demands was conducted in order to explicate a hypothesis based upon the information available which would so supply a starting point and usher to subsequent intercessions. Harmonizing to Selvini Palazzoli et Al. ( 1980a ) , a hypothesis is â€Å"neither true, nor false, but more or less useful† . Therefore, it was of import to keep this stance when sing the fortunes environing DE’s instance. By seeking information from DE and others within his system, I was able to obtain as many positions as possible and concept an apprehension, or narrative, as to how he had come to be â€Å"stuck† and enable him to travel in a more helpful way. Both DE and the multidisciplinary squad involved in his attention agreed that he required 24 hr residential attention, as old supported adjustment had non been able to ease his demands and he had relapsed, taking to his admittance to hospital under subdivision. Extra presenting concerns reported by DE included an impoverished household support web and hapless fundss. Drug and intoxicant abuse were besides apparent, acknowledged by DE and verified by a positive trial for cocaine. DE’s keyworker recounted how DE often disengaged with him and displayed disputing behavior, including interrupting regulations of the attention place and absconding. Indexs of backsliding described by staff included a preoccupation with insect infestation, psychotic beliefs of the devil attacking him and homophobic frights of male staff sexually assailing him. In add-on, non-compliance with his attention program was recognised as a precursor to get worse. Using round inquiries to deduce new information about DE’s state of affairs and the interconnection of the system’s constituents, a form emerged which suggested possible indexs of backsliding. A chief characteristic of disk shape is the capacity of the healer to see feedback from the systems involved and to ask for each portion of the system to associate their positions of other subsystems, thereby metacommunicating ( Selvini Palazzoli et Al. 1980a ; Byng-Hall, 1988 ; Cecchin, 1987 ) . Further important rules of disk shape are inquiring about specific behaviors that occur, instead than feelings or readings and ranking behaviors in order to foreground differences ( Barker, 1998 ; Dallos and Draper, 2000 ) . So, for illustration, DE’s keyworker was asked: â€Å"what does DE make when he breaks the regulations in the house† , â€Å"when you believe DE is get worsing, how do you cognize? What does he state or make? † , â€Å"who is most disquieted abou t DE utilizing drugs/alcohol? † . Similarly, DE was asked such inquiries as: â€Å"when you abscond from the attention place, who is most concerned? †¦ and so who? † , â€Å"when you are disquieted about the Satan assailing you, what make you make? † , â€Å"what would your keyworker say was most of import for you to acquire sorted out? † . A specific usage of round inquiring is to specify the job ( Bentovim and Bingley Miller, 2002 ) . Hence, members of DE’s system, including his cardinal worker, other multidisciplinary squad workers, available household members and DE himself were questioned as to â€Å"what is the job? What do you believe DE/keyworker/etc would state is the job? Who agrees with DE? Who disagrees? Who is it most a job for? † etc. Such information served to enrich the hypothesis that was being formulated of DE’s demands. Over clip, a systemic hypothesis evolved which incorporated the function of impaired household operation and an early sense of forsaking by DE’s natural female parent combined with the loss of his secondary, surrogate female parent lending to the development of a schizoaffective upset. A farther contributing factor may hold been DE’s move to the UK following his mourning and the sense of confusion and disaffection this may hold instilled. A preexistent exposure to his mental wellness jobs may hold been activated by DE’s usage of drugs and intoxicant, perchance his get bying mechanism to pull off the antecedently described stressors. In footings of DE’s behavior within his attention place, it would be of import to see physiological factors many of the concerns reported. The literature associated with schizoaffective upsets has suggested that the oncoming of the unwellness can bring forth cognitive shortages, including memory damage, planning, societal opinion and penetration ( Randolph, Goldberg and Weinberger, in Heilman A ; Valenstein, 1993 ; James and Murray, 1991 ) . These shortages, combined with the deficiency of household support and implicit in psychological issues, could hold resulted in the issues with conformity and rule-breaking reported by the professionals involved in DE’s attention. However, within a systemic attack, it is of import to see the dynamic interplay between the person and the assorted constituents of their system when gestating the job. In DE’s instance, it appeared that the effects of his drug and intoxicant usage and of rejection issues had non been to the full considered by staff at the attention place and hence the effects of these had been able to intensify into backsliding. Furthermore, it may hold been that an over-critical attitude towards DE prevailed within his attention place, as has been described in the construct of expressed emotion ( Leff, 1994 ) . This has by and large been reported as bing within the households of those with schizoaffective upsets and is thought to stand for shortages in communicating and overinvolvement. The map of the job is besides a critical component within a systemic preparation ( Reder and Fredman, 1996 ; Bilson and Ross, 1999 ) and in DE’s instance his showing issues appeared to stand for both a communicating of internal struggles ( loss, forsaking, etc ) and as a solution to the job perceived by him as inappropriate adjustment. Therefore, his behavior could be conceptualised as an effort to decide both internal and external discordance. However, clearly DE’s perceived solution merely served to intensify and keep the indispensable trouble, that of his deficiency of battle with aid and riotous behavior. Intervention There were assorted strands to my intercession with DE, within which I attempted to turn to the issues outlined in the above hypotheses. Initially, the issue of adjustment was addressed. In harmony with a systemic attack, DE’s needs and penchants, every bit good as sentiments derived from members of the multi-disciplinary squad, were matched with available adjustment. Three suited arrangements were identified which were attendant with the demands identified in DE’s attention program, that is: 24 hr residential adjustment with staff to oversee his medicine, promote independent life accomplishments and supervise his activities and behavior to place relapse indexs. DE’s sentiments on the three possible arrangements were sought and a determination reached on the most suited. In position of DE’s history of deficiency of battle with keyworkers, it was felt that regular meetings with his attention co-ordinator would be critical in researching his concerns and pos sible barriers to compliance with his attention program. The usage of round inquiring could be usefully extended in such meetings, in reframing DE’s perceptual experience of his concerns and enabling him to recognizing the effects of his behavior on himself and others. Specific facets of DE’s showing jobs were managed by referral to allow bureaus, therefore widening his system of support. For the substance abuse reported he was referred to a drug and intoxicant worker. A referral to psychological services was made to turn to his rejection and mourning issues. The engagement of DE’s grandma and uncle was besides an built-in portion of discoursing his troubles and it was postulated that at some point in the hereafter, systemic household therapy might be helpful in supplying some coherence to DE’s household construction and enabling communicating with this portion of his system. Once the initial concerns had been addressed, my function turned towards attention direction and a sensible monetary value for the adjustment was negotiated, along with the development of a comprehensive attention program which was presented to the agency’s support panel. The support was agreed and a discharge and transportation of attention CPA was arranged. Throughout the resulting treatments of programs, DE’s sentiments were sought. In order to outdo run into the demands identified and guarantee an optimum rehabilitation programme, DE’s attention program incorporated twenty-four hours attention activities, psychological and community forensic input. In conformity with the rules of a systems intercession, a non-judgemental stance was maintained throughout ( Goldenberg and Goldenberg, 2004 ) and the impression of partnership was promoted ( Dallos and Draper, 2000 ) . Additionally, the scheme of facilitating sustained alteration whilst non being an expert about the system was adopted ( Fleurida, 1986 ) , although this presented certain challenges as will be discussed in the undermentioned subdivisions. In footings of implementing DE’s arrangement, it was agreed that a gradual transportation which allowed him to set to the new scene would better his chances for rehabilitation. Therefore, nightlong corsets and extended corsets for a hebdomad prior to dispatch were arranged. Initially, troubles were experienced with DE’s conformity with some house regulations and I arranged a meeting with DE and the house director in order to discourse and negociate these in order to forestall a dislocation of the arrangement. Once more, round inquiries were used to clarify the job and place possible paths for alteration. For illustration, DE was asked, â€Å"when you don’t follow with this regulation, who is most disquieted? † and â€Å"what prevents you lodging to the regulations? † . The house director was asked inquiries such as, â€Å"What does DE make alternatively of lodging to the regulations? † and â€Å"what grounds do you believe he has for non fol lowing? † . Consequently, specific barriers and obstructions were identified and it was possible to negociate a manner in which DE could asseverate his individualism within the arrangement scene, whilst acting in ways which were acceptable to staff and other occupants. Therefore, the â€Å"fit† between DE and this peculiar system was enhanced. Review and Ending During my work with DE a dynamic, unstable hypothesis was formed which was based on systemic rules, in that it was round, addressed relationships, was expressed in footings of what people do and believe instead than what they are and included all members of the system ( Reder, 1983 ) . The hypothesis was continually monitored and reframed during the intercession stage, which facilitated alteration and enabled new positions and solutions to be considered. Other parts of DE’s system were besides modified by presenting round inquiries as they allowed the assorted professionals and bureaus involved to see how helpful or unhelpful the schemes they employed to pull off the exigencies of DE’s instance were and to derive different positions. It is of import to observe that this attack is distinguishable from simply supplying direction or information, in that it facilitates alteration through the procedure of thought and logical thinking. The initial focal point of intercession – to supply appropriate adjustment – was successfully completed. This was rendered smoother by the gradual passage to his new scene. By the terminal of the intercession, I believe that DE was able to prosecute in a more utile manner with the assorted constituents of his system and was more settled in his arrangement as a consequence. Reports from the house director and other professionals besides indicated that this was the instance. Referrals to other bureaus ( psychological science and drug and intoxicant services ) which comprised a critical constituent of the intercession, enabled an enlargement of DE’s systems and the meeting of antecedently inconsiderate demands. His advancement with these bureaus was ongoing. DE’s battle with community forensic services was valuable in deriving farther positions into his attention. Discussion Within systems theory, the inquiries themselves form a significant portion of the intercession ( Tomm, 1988 ) , as they are believed to take towards a constructive alteration in the debatable experiences and behaviors of service users. In add-on, inquiries constitute a much stronger invitation for users to go engaged in a conversation and procedure than make statements, instructions of information and provides stimulation to believe through jobs entirely, therefore advancing liberty and a sense of personal accomplishment ( Payne, 2002 ) . In continually seeking the positions of DE and positions from other parts of his system, it was possible to make a clearer image of the features of the job and to further a sense of ownership on the portion of DE. That is, because he felt portion of the procedure of alteration, he would be more likely to experience comfy with its parametric quantities. A farther portion of advancing DE’s conformity with his attention program was to utilize positive intension, another of import rule of systems theory ( O’Brian and Bruggen, 1985 ) . Positively implying DE’s behavior consisted non merely in reenforcing and praising his efforts to alter, but besides in admiting that his job behavior was functioning to show his dissatisfaction with the state of affairs he was in. An of import facet of intercession therefore was to pass on an apprehension of how things had come to be the manner they were. Merely through making this was it possible to dispute the bing belief system, pro posing new and different definitions of relationships. Therefore, by admiting the hurting of DE’s forsaking by his female parent with a referral to a psychologist, it enabled him to research a different manner of interacting with this portion of his system. Similarly, by sing the function of drugs and intoxicant in interceding his hurt and enabling him to get by with his state of affairs, other agencies of get bying were explored. The usage of systems theory was congruous with mental wellness policy counsel for CPA in that it was individual focussed, involved all relevant bureaus and required a acknowledgment of demands in order to ease the motion of service users through CPA. The designation of unmet demands in DE’s instance, every bit good as affecting multiple bureaus was important in pull offing his attention efficaciously. As DE was on enhanced CPA, it was of import to see multiple attention demands and to recognize that he was more likely to withdraw with attention. Once more, a holistic appraisal and a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary, multi-agency program which encapsulated his wider system was necessary. Systems theory requires strategic believing about the possibilities and restrictions for alteration in the different systems impacting the user’s environment, every bit good as an apprehension of the possibilities for intercession in each system ( deShazer, 1982 ; Penn, 1982 ) , hence sing DE’s behavior in specific scenes and with specific persons and bureaus was a utile scheme. In add-on, possessing an apprehension of the possibilities for intercession within each system enabled me to believe creatively about different classs of action and possible results ( Byng_Hall, 1988 ) . Review and Evaluation In general, systems theory was a utile tool in working with DE, in that its rules guided many facets of the appraisal and intercession towards a good result. The basic dogmas of systems theory, of being respectful of all positions and trying to authorise the service user to implement alteration, are congruous with the CPA theoretical account of working. However, the rule of keeping neutrality ( i.e. hammering an alliance with all parts of the system ) and a non-judgemental, non adept stance ( Selvini Palazzoli et Al. 1980a ; Fleurida, 1986 ) proved to be more ambitious. As DE’s attention co-ordinator it could be expected that a greater confederation would be formed with him and besides that I would possess, in this function, information and cognition pertaining to a assortment of issues, such as fiscal aid available to him. Clearly in this instance, I was unable to keep a non-expert stance. Furthermore, being non-judgemental in relation to all DE’s showing demands ( for illustration, his drug and intoxicant abuse ) was really hard and whilst my attack could embrace the development of a shared apprehension of this behavior, finally the negative impact on DE’s mental wellness and stableness of his arrangement would necessitate to be acknowledged. Therefore, it could be said that there was a apposition between CPA attention direction and utilizing systems theory. However, it was possible to divide the two facets of my function with DE and use systems theory consequently. In footings of what I would make otherwise, I believe that a greater engagement of DE’s household would hold been good in order to help him in building a different narrative or narrative around his history, which would hold enriched his and possibly others’ apprehension of why jobs were showing themselves. Using systems theory to a service user such as DE, who may hold the cognitive shortages antecedently described, raises some of import ethical issues. First, sing the ability to give consent to such an attack being employed and to the seeking of positions from other parts of the system, such as household members and other workers. The potentially harmful influence of labels has been described in the literature of systems theory ( e.g. Benson, Long and Sporakowski ) , nevertheless the usage of labels such as â€Å"schizoaffective† and â€Å"enhanced CPA† would look ineluctable when working within a multidisciplinary squad which necessitates pass oning with tantamount linguistic communication. However, the usage of systems theory creates infinite for believing about the significance and impact of these labels and is, hence, at the really least a valuable and functional adjunct to the repertory of schemes for pull offing complex instances. Summary and Conclusion The work carried out with DE attempted to exemplify how persons function as a portion of many systems – they are affected by these systems and they, in bend, affect the systems. I believe that the round nature of DE’s showing issues and demands was highlighted efficaciously and the intercession took into consideration this dynamic interchange and the effects that alterations in one portion of a system will hold for other parts. Basically, I have learned that many jobs arise due to a mismatch between persons and the systems of which they are a portion and the function of a societal worker is to heighten the tantrum between the person and the systems impacting them. Mentions Barker, P. , 1998.Basic Family Therapy, 4ThursdayEdition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Beckett, J.A. , 1973. General Systems theory, psychopathology and psychotherapeutics.International Journal of Group Psychotherapy,23, pp. 292-305. Benson, M.J ; Long, J.K. and Sporakowski, M.J. , 1992. Teaching abnormal psychology and the DSM-III R from a household systems therapy perspective.Family Relationss,41( 2 ) , pp. 135-140. Bentovim, A. and Bingley Miller, L. , 2002.The Assessment of Family Competence, Strengths and Troubles. London: Pavillion. Bertalanffy, L. von, 1968.General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, Application.New York: Braziller. Bilson, A. and Ross, S. , 1999. A history of systems thoughts in societal work. In,Social Work Management and Practice. London: Jessica Kingsley, 2neodymiumEdition. Byng-Hall, J. , 1988. Scripts and fables in households and household therapy.Family Procedure,27, pp. 167-179. Cecchin, G. , 1987. Speculating, disk shape and neutrality revisited: an invitation to wonder.Family Procedure,26, pp. 405-413. Dallos, R. and Draper, R. , 2000.An Introduction to Family Therapy. Buckingham: Open University Press. de Shazer, I. , 1982.Forms of Brief Family Therapy: An Ecosystemic Approach. New York: Guildford Press. Fleurida, C. et al. , 1986. The development of round inquiries.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,12( 2 ) , pp. 112-127. Goldenberg, I. and Goldenberg, H. , 2004.Family Therapy:An Overview,6ThursdayEdition. London: Brooks/Cole. Guerin, P.J. and Pendagast, E.G. , 1976. Evaluation of household system and genogram. In, P.J. Guerin, erectile dysfunction.Family Therapy. New York: Gardner Press. James, P. and Murray, R.M. , 1991. The genetic sciences of schizophrenic disorder is the genetic sciences of neurodevelopment.British Journal of Psychiatry,158, pp. 615-623. Leff, J. , 1994. Working with the households of schizophrenic patients.British Journal of Psychiatry,164( suppl. 23 ) , pp. 71-76. O’Brian, C. and Bruggen, P. , 1985. Our personal and professional lives: larning positive intension and round inquiring.Family Prcess,24, pp. 311-322. Payne, M. , 2002. Systems and Ecological Perspectives. In,Modern Social Work Theory, 3rdEdition. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Penn, P. , 1982. Round inquiring.Family Procedure,21, pp. 267-280. Randolph, C. , Goldberg, T.E. and Weinberger, D.R. , 1993. The physiological psychology of schizophrenic disorder. In, K.M. Heilman and E. Valenstein, eds.Clinical Physiological psychology, 3rdEdition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reder, P. , 1983. Disorganised households and the assisting professions: â€Å"Who’s in charge of what? † .Journal of Family Therapy,5, pp. 23-36. Reder, P. and Fredman, G. , 1996. The relationship to assist: interacting beliefs about the intervention procedure.Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry,1( 3 ) , pp. 457-467. Selvini Palazzoli, M.S. , Cechin, G. , Prata, G. and Boscolo, L. , 1980a. Hypothesising-Circularity-Neutrality. Three guidelines for the music director of the session.Family Procedure,19( 1 ) , pp. 3-12. Selvini Palazzoli, M. , Boscolo, L. , Cecchin, G. and Prata, G. , 1980b. The job of the mentioning individual.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,6, pp. 3-9. Tomm, K. , 1988. Interventive interviewing: portion III. Intending to inquire lineal, round, strategic or automatic inquiries.Family Procedure,27, pp. 1-15. Brooding Diary Analysis I applied the theory of depth psychology to the pattern state of affairs in order to research implicit in issues which had made ME so dependent upon her spouse, JM. This appeared appropriate as it would supply an chance to derive information about any past experiences which had contributed to her present province, in peculiar, the nature and beginning of her anxiousnesss and frights. Uncovering this information would so inform my pattern with ME and JM and supply construction to any intercession. The overall intent of depth psychology derives from the Freudian premise that abnormal psychology develops when people remain incognizant of their true motives and frights and they can be restored to healthy working merely by going witting of what has been repressed ( Bower, 2005 ) . Freud believed that the unconscious struggles he uncovered – in dreams, in memory oversights, in neurotic symptoms – ever referred to certain critical events in the individual’s early life. His observations of his patients led him to reason that all human existences experience a mostly similar sequence of important emotional events in their early lives and that it is this childhood past that shapes their present ( Freud, 1905 ) . Although Freud cautioned against the usage of depth psychology in schizophrenic disorder, as he believed that sick persons of schizophrenic disorder had regressed to a province of â€Å"primary narcissism† , a stage early in the unwritten phase before the self-importance has differentiated from the Idaho ( Freud, 1905 ) , more modern-day psychoanalysts have adopted a different attack. Primarily followings of Melanie Klein, they have taken the place that the schizophrenic place, or dividing between â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† objects, was a normal phase of development and that schizophrenic disorder was the late effect of non negociating this phase decently ( Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970 ) . Therefore, the flow of unconscious stuff ( e.g. psychotic beliefs, hallucinations and thought upset ) were actively encouraged, explored and participated in. In ME’s instance, a preparation of her presenting issues included the function of specific anxiousnesss and frights. Anxiety has been conceptualised psychodynamically as a province of weakness and â€Å"psychic pain† , which consequences from the sensed disagreements between one’s ideal ego ( or ego ideal ) and one’s existent ego ( Freud, 1926, cited in Brown and Pedder, 1991 ) . These painful disagreements can non so be easy assimilated into our witting position of ourselves and the universe because of the anxiousness they arouse and the effect is a â€Å"defence mechanism† activated to repress this psychic hurting. Using open-ended inquiries with ME, such as â€Å"how are you experiencing? † and leting her to react freely revealed a small of her province of head, Internet Explorer. â€Å"very low, ever tired and really sad† . It was interesting to observe ME’s spouse, JM’s, account of ME’s low temper, â€Å"the weather† , a topic he had mentioned at the beginning of the brush. This may bespeak an effort to avoid, or support against, speech production of hard issues and moreover, may stand for his ain header scheme. Further inquiries to arouse ME’s emotional province included â€Å"has it made a difference? † ( sing the usage of anti-depressants ) and â€Å"how do you experience about discontinuing smoke? † An built-in rule of depth psychology is the usage of transference and countertransference within any clinical brush ( Casement, 1985 ; Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970 ) . Transference is the conveyance of past feelings, struggles and beliefs into present relationships and state of affairss, specifically to the curative state of affairs ; whilst countertransference is a reversal of this – the feelings of the analyst towards the service user ( Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970 ) . For illustration, a manifestation of transference may be the single responding to their healer or carer as they would towards of import figures from their yesteryear, such as in a childlike or hostile mode. Countertransference has been exemplified in instances where down persons project their hopelessness and depair onto their healer, who in bend develops negative attitudes towards their client and the result of therapy. In the brush with ME, it was of import to be cautious that she was non reassigning her anxio usnesss and paranoid thoughts onto any confederation with me and to be cognizant of the possible projection of her broken and dependent thought. My premises sing ME prior to the meeting were that she would be more independent and possess greater verbal accomplishments, given that she was on standard CPA. As she was good supported in the community, I believed that my primary part would be to back up and prolong JM’s function of pull offing ME’s mental wellness. During the class of the meeting, it became apparent that ME relied on JM tremendously and that he often responded to inquiries on her behalf. When ME did answer, her responses were limited and reasonably concrete. In order tosupplement the psychoanalytic theory I was using to an apprehension of ME’s demands, I used motivational inquiring ( â€Å"what about some indoor activities? Like swimming, I remember you stating one time that you liked that and it was fun? ) , positive feedback ( â€Å"you quit smoke late and it’s been 8 hebdomads and that is superb. That took a batch of willpower† ) and some self-disclosure ( â€Å"†I int end on utilizing you as my function theoretical account in seeking to halt smoke myself† ) . Although non purely adhering to rules of depth psychology, it was necessary to accommodate the techniques I was utilizing in response to ME’s showing demands. Following my meeting with ME, I considered the utility of using depth psychology to an person with schizophrenic disorder. Whilst I had considered the ethical issue of non doing premises about the manifestation of symptoms, as different persons display changing features of the unwellness, I acknowledged that a pure psychoanalytic attack may be excessively demanding for ME. Alternatively, facets of the theoretical account, such as understanding the psychodynamic history and assisting the single move towards new nonpsychotic forms of life would be most utile. An attack outlined by Lamb ( 1982 ) , which recommends beef uping self-importance control, giving advice, covering with life’s jobs, presenting experiential topics ( decease, freedom, isolation and nonsense ) and cut downing guilt by â€Å"taking sides against the superego† , may stand for a more balanced position. Basically, I came to appreciate that open-mindedness and flexibleness are valuable pre-requisites when sing any curative stance and the application of specific theories and seting one’s attack to the demands the service user is critical. Mentions Bower, M. ( Ed. ) , 2005.Psychoanalytical Theory for Social Work Practice: Thinking Under Fire. Abingdon: Routledge. Brown, D. and Pedder, J. , 1991.Introduction to Psychotherapy, 2neodymiumEdition. London: Routledge. Casement, P. , 1985.On Learning From the Patient. London: Routledge. Freud, S. , 1905. Three parts to the theory of sex. In, A.A. Brill, ed..The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud.New York: Modern Library, 1938. Lamb, H.R. , 1982.Treating the Mentally Ill. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Salzberger-Wittenberg, I. 1970.Psychoanalytical Insight and Relationships: A Kleinian Approach. London: Routledge.

Cat on a hot tin roof (brick) essays

Cat on a hot tin roof (brick) essays In Tennessee Williams play, "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof," the character that appealed to me the most is Brick. Brick seemed to be the center of attention throughout the play. I feel that the there were three main things that Brick was known for. He is the one that everybody loves, and everyone favors. He is often portrayed as a Greek god because of his god looks and his athletic figure. And his problem with alcohol also played a big factor in his character. In the play everyone loves Brick. Big Mama and Big Daddy treat him as the favorite son. We see their favoritism towards Brick a lot throughout the play. With such lines as, " I want Brick! Wheres Brick? Wheres my only son?" (106). Big Mama says this after she finds out that Big Daddy is actually dying. This scene shows how much Big Mama favors Brick because she has another son and she says that Brick is her only son. Big Mama is not the only who favors Brick in the story. Big Daddy also favors Brick. In the talk that Big Daddy and Brick had together, Big Daddy stated that if he were going to die, he would have given everything to Brick. This shows that Big Mama and Big Daddy favor Brick over their oldest son (Gooper). Brick was portrayed as the ultimate man throughout the play. He was an athlete, and he had a professional football career ahead of him. He was also a very attractive man. "I cant see a man but you! Even with my eyes closed, I just see you! Why dont you get ugly, Brick, why dont you please get fat or ugly or something so I can please stand it?" (31). This line that Margaret says shows how attracted she is to Brick and how good-looking he is. Brick was portrayed as a Greek god in the play, so you get the idea that he is the ultimate womens man. A big characteristic in Bricks character is his alcohol problem. Whenever Brick is in the play, he is either drunk or he has a glass of al ...

Write a short article about a major volcanic eruption Essay

Write a short article about a major volcanic eruption - Essay Example Volcanoes are powerful forces of nature. According to Ritter et al., volcanism is simply the manifestation of processes that occur in earth’s mantle on the surface of the earth (1). Rocks and minerals are liquefied into magma in earth’s mantle due to heat produced by extreme pressure. Weaknesses in the earth’s crust allow vents to form that allow magma to escape. This magma can emerge through the crust under the sea or on dry land. These vents will create three possible types of volcanic landforms. The type of landform is dictated by the mineral make-up of the magma that is expelled through the vent (2). Shield volcanoes, such as the Hawaiian Islands are made of magma that has low viscosity. It is mostly basalt and runs like water. Cone volcanoes are made of magma that is high in silica. The magma is sticky so it builds up making the steep sides of a cone shaped mountain. Similar to these are composite cones that are made of magma and ash. They are irregularly sh aped volcanic mountains. A final landform created by volcanoes is called a caldera. This is a huge empty space in the volcanic mountain created by a massive eruption. This is a prominent feature that was created by the eruption of Thera. The Greek island of Thera is located in the Mediterranean Sea just northeast of the island of Crete. The island is known in modern times as Santorini. The geologic shape and structure of the island is typical for volcanic islands in the Aegean and Mediterranean seas. The island was a mixture of ash and silica based materials with gentle slopes near the shoreline rising to an inland, conical peak. Thera had been slowly building for at least a million years. The current arrangement of the small islands of Santorini did not happen with just one eruption. As many as twelve eruptions over the past million years have made Santorini what it is today (3). The eruption that occurred around 1600 BC was,